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What Is the Jewish Word for Never Again

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Phrase associated with the Holocaust and other genocides

"Never once again" is a phrase or slogan which is associated with the Holocaust and other genocides. The phrase may originate from a 1927 poem by Yitzhak Lamdan which stated "Never again shall Masada fall!" In the context of genocide, the slogan was used by liberated prisoners at Buchenwald concentration camp to express anti-fascist sentiment. The exact meaning of the phrase is debated, including whether information technology should exist used as a particularistic command to avoid a 2d Holocaust of Jews or whether it is a universalist injunction to prevent all forms of genocide. It was adopted as a slogan past Meir Kahane's Jewish Defense League.

The phrase is widely used by politicians and writers and it likewise appears on many Holocaust memorials. It has besides been appropriated as a political slogan for other causes, from commemoration of the 1976 Argentine insurrection, the promotion of gun command or abortion rights, and as an injunction to fight against terrorism after the September 11 attacks.

Origins [edit]

During the liberation of Buchenwald, a sign states "Form the Antinazifront! Retrieve the Millions of victims Murdered by the Nazis / Death TO THE NAZI CRIMINALS"[ane]

The slogan "Never again shall Masada fall!" is derived from a 1927 epic poem, Masada, past Yitzhak Lamdan.[two] [3] The poem is near the siege of Masada, in which a grouping of Jewish rebels (the Sicarii) held out confronting Roman armies and, according to legend, committed mass suicide rather than be captured. In Zionism, the story of Masada became a national myth and was lauded as an instance of Jewish heroism. Considered ane of the most meaning examples of early Yishuv literature, Masada achieved massive popularity among Zionists in the state of Israel and in the Jewish diaspora. Masada became a role of the official Hebrew curriculum and the slogan became an unofficial national motto.[4] In postwar Israel, the behavior of Jews during the Holocaust was unfavorably contrasted with the behavior of the defenders of Masada:[ii] [iii] the former were denigrated for having gone "like sheep to the slaughter" while the latter were praised for their heroic and resolute fight.[5]

Betwixt 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its allies murdered near six million Jews in a genocide which became known equally the Holocaust.[half-dozen] The Nazi effort to implement their final solution to the Jewish question took place during Globe War II in Europe. The first use of the phrase "never again" in the context of the Holocaust was in April 1945 when newly liberated survivors at Buchenwald concentration military camp displayed information technology in diverse languages on handmade signs.[vii] [viii] Cultural studies scholars Diana I. Popescu and Tanja Schult write that there was initially a distinction between political prisoners, who invoked "never once again" every bit part of their fight against fascism, and Jewish survivors, whose imperative was to "never forget" their murdered relatives and destroyed communities. They write that the distinction has been blurred in the subsequent decades as the Holocaust was universalised.[viii] According to the Un, the Universal Annunciation of Man Rights was adopted in 1948 because "the international community vowed never again to allow" the atrocities of World War II, and the Genocide Convention was adopted the same year.[9] [ten] Eric Sundquist notes that "the founding of Israel was predicated on the injunction to retrieve a history of destruction—the destruction of two Temples, exile and pogroms, and the Holocaust—and to ensure that such events will never happen once again".[2] The slogan "never once again" was used on Israeli kibbutzim past the end of the 1940s, and was used in the Swedish documentary Mein Kampf [de] in 1961.[11]

Definition [edit]

Never Again! A Program for Survival (1972)

According to Hans Kellner, "Unpacking the semantic contents of 'Never Again' would exist an enormous job. Suffice it to say that this phrase, despite its non-imperative form equally a speech act, orders someone to resolve that something shall not happen for a 2nd time. The someone, in the commencement example, is a Jew; the something is ordinarily called the Holocaust."[12] Kellner suggests that it is related to the "biblical imperative of retention" (zakhor), in Deuteronomy 5:15, "And think that thou wast a retainer in the land of Arab republic of egypt, and that the Lord thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty mitt and by a stretched out arm." (In the bible, this refers to remembering and keeping Shabbat).[12] It is as well closely related to the biblical command in Exodus 23:9: "Y'all shall not oppress a stranger, for you lot know the feelings of the stranger, having yourselves been strangers in the land of Egypt."[13]

The initial pregnant of the phrase, used by Abba Kovner and other Holocaust survivors, was particular to the Jewish customs but the phrase's meaning was later broadened to other genocides.[xiii] Information technology is still a affair of debate whether "Never again" refers primarily to Jews ("Never again can we let Jews to exist victims of another Holocaust") or whether it has a universal significant ("Never again shall the world permit genocide to have identify anywhere against whatsoever grouping"). Notwithstanding, most politicians use information technology in the latter sense.[vii] The phrase is used commonly in postwar German politics, but information technology has different meanings. According to one interpretation, because Nazism was a synthesis of preexisting aspects of German political thought and an extreme form of indigenous nationalism, all forms of High german nationalism should exist rejected. Other politicians fence that the Nazis "misused" appeals to patriotism and that a new German identity should be congenital.[fourteen]

Writing about the phrase, Ellen Posman noted that "A past though often recent humiliation, and an emphasis on erstwhile victimhood, can lead to a communal desire for a show of strength that can easily plough fierce."[15] Meir Kahane, a far-right rabbi, and his Jewish Defense League popularized the phrase. To Kahane and his followers, "Never again" referred specifically to the Jews and its imperative to fight antisemitism was a telephone call to arms that justified terrorism against perceived enemies.[eleven] [three] [xvi] The Jewish Defence force League song included the passage "To our slaughtered brethren and lonely widows: / Never over again will our people'due south claret be shed by water, / Never again will such things be heard in Judea." Afterwards Kahane's expiry in 1990, Sholom Comay, president of the American Jewish Committee, said "Despite our considerable differences, Meir Kahane must always be remembered for the slogan 'Never Again,' which for so many became the battle cry of post-Holocaust Jewry."[11]

Contemporary usage [edit]

Co-ordinate to Aaron Dorfman, "Since the Holocaust, the Jewish community's attitude toward preventing genocide has been summed up in the moral philosophy of 'Never Again.'"[13] What this meant was that the Jews would not allow themselves to be victimized.[17] The phrase has been used in many official commemorations and appears on many Holocaust memorials and museums,[8] [2] including memorials at Treblinka extermination camp[2] and Dachau concentration campsite,[18] equally well every bit in commemoration of the Rwanda genocide.[xix]

It is in broad employ by Holocaust survivors, politicians, writers, and other commentators, who invoke it for a variety of purposes.[7] [19] In 2012, Elie Wiesel wrote: "'Never again' becomes more than a slogan: Information technology'south a prayer, a hope, a vow... never again the glorification of base, ugly, night violence." The Us Holocaust Memorial Museum made the phrase, in its universal sense, the theme of its 2013 Days of Remembrance, urging people to wait out for the "warning signs" of genocide.[eleven]

In 2016, Samuel Totten suggested that the "once powerful admonition [has] go a cliché" because it is repeatedly used even equally genocides continue to occur, and condemnation of genocide tends to but occur afterward it is already over.[seven] For an increasing number of critics, the phrase has go empty and overused.[8] Others, including Adama Dieng, have noted that genocide has continued to occur, not never once again but "time and again" or "again and once more" afterward World War II.[9] [20] [21] [xix] [7] [17] In 2020, several critics of the Chinese regime used the phrase to refer to the perceived lack of international reaction to the Uyghur genocide.[22] [23] [24] [25] On 1 March 2022, later on the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Centre was hit past Russian missiles and shells during the battle of Kyiv, Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy argued that "never again" means non being silent near Russia's aggression, lest history repeat itself.[26]

Multiple United States presidents, including Jimmy Carter in 1979, Ronald Reagan in 1984, George H. W. Bush-league in 1991, Bill Clinton in 1993, and Barack Obama in 2011, have promised that the Holocaust would not happen once again, and that action would be forthcoming to stop genocide.[xix] [9] [11] However, genocide occurred during their presidencies: Kingdom of cambodia in Carter'south example, Anfal genocide during Reagan'south presidency, Bosnia for Bush and Clinton, Rwanda under Clinton, and Yazidi genocide for Obama.[27] [nine] Elie Wiesel wrote that if "never again" were upheld "in that location would be no Cambodia, and no Rwanda and no Darfur and no Bosnia."[28] Totten argued that the phrase would only recover its gravitas if "no one simply those who are truly serious about preventing another Holocaust" invoked it.[7]

Other uses [edit]

In Argentina, the phrase Nunca más (never more) is used in annual commemorations of the 1976 Argentine coup, to emphasize continued opposition to military machine coups, dictatorship, and political violence, and a commitment to democracy and human rights.[29] [30] "Never once more" has also been used in celebration of Japanese American internment and the Chinese Exclusion Act.[11]

Subsequently the September xi attacks, President George W. Bush declared that terrorism would exist allowed to triumph "never once again". He referenced the phrase when defending the trial of non-citizens in military courts for terrorism-related offenses and mass surveillance policies adopted by his administration. Bush commented, "Foreign terrorists and agents must never again be allowed to employ our freedoms confronting us." His words echoed a speech that his father had given afterwards winning the Gulf War: "never again be held hostage to the darker side of human nature".[31]

The phrase has been used by political advocacy groups Never Again Action, which opposes clearing detention in the Usa, and by Never Again MSD, a grouping that campaigns against gun violence in the wake of the Stoneman Douglas shooting.[eleven] [32]

See likewise [edit]

  • Responsibility to protect
  • The war to end war
  • Never forget
  • Lest nosotros forget

References [edit]

  1. ^ "A sign posted [probably in Buchenwald] that says, "Class the Antinazifront! Call back the Millions of victims Murdered past the Nazis/ Decease TO THE NAZI CRIMINALS." - Collections Search - Usa Holocaust Memorial Museum". collections.ushmm.org. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e Sundquist, Eric J. (2009). Strangers in the Country: Blacks, Jews, Mail service-Holocaust America. Harvard University Press. p. 601. ISBN978-0-674-04414-2. Archived from the original on ix July 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  3. ^ a b c Philologos (6 May 2020). "What Is the Source of the Phrase "Never Over again"?". Mosaic Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved six May 2020.
  4. ^ Zerubavel, Yael (1995). Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. University of Chicago Press. pp. 69, 116, 258. ISBN978-0-226-98157-4. Archived from the original on nine July 2021. Retrieved ten May 2020.
  5. ^ Feldman, Yael S. (2013). ""Non equally Sheep Led to Slaughter"? On Trauma, Selective Memory, and the Making of Historical Consciousness". Jewish Social Studies. 19 (three): 139–169. doi:10.2979/jewisocistud.nineteen.3.139. ISSN 0021-6704. JSTOR 10.2979/jewisocistud.xix.3.139. S2CID 162015828.
  6. ^ "Introduction to the Holocaust". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on 11 Oct 2015. Retrieved ten May 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d eastward f Totten, Samuel (2016). "What About "Other" Genocides? An Educator's Dilemma or an Educator'southward Opportunity?". Essentials of Holocaust Pedagogy: Key Issues and Approaches. Routledge. p. 197. ISBN978-ane-317-64808-6. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 19 Oct 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d Popescu, Diana I.; Schult, Tanja (2019). "Performative Holocaust commemoration in the 21st century". Holocaust Studies. 26 (2): 135–136. doi:ten.1080/17504902.2019.1578452.
  9. ^ a b c d Power, Samantha (1998). "Never Again: The Globe'southward Most Unfullfilled Promise | The World's Nearly Wanted Human being". Frontline. PBS. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  10. ^ "Universal Declaration". United nations. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d east f g "How the Holocaust motto Never Again became a rallying cry for gun control". Jewish Telegraphic Bureau. 8 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved half dozen May 2020.
  12. ^ a b Kellner, Hans (1994). ""Never Once more" is Now". History and Theory. 33 (2): 127–128. doi:10.2307/2505381. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2505381.
  13. ^ a b c Dorfman, Aaron. "Responding to Genocide". My Jewish Learning. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  14. ^ Fine art, David (2005). The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN978-one-139-44883-3. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  15. ^ Posman, Ellen (2011). "Introduction: Never Again". In Murphy, Andrew R. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-1-4443-9573-0. Archived from the original on 1 Feb 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  16. ^ Schoolhouse, Lee C. Bollinger Dean University of Michigan Law (1986). The Tolerant Lodge. Oxford University Printing, USA. p. 274. ISBN978-0-xix-802104-9. Archived from the original on nine July 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  17. ^ a b Gubkin, Liora (2007). You Shall Tell Your Children: Holocaust Memory in American Passover Ritual. Rutgers University Press. p. 117. ISBN978-0-8135-4390-1. Archived from the original on ix July 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  18. ^ Baer, Alejandro; Sznaider, Natan (2016). Memory and Forgetting in the Post-Holocaust Era: The Ethics of Never Over again. Routledge. ISBN978-i-317-03375-2. Archived from the original on four June 2020. Retrieved vii May 2020.
  19. ^ a b c d Buettner, Angi (2016). "Never again: Rwanda, genocide, and the Holocaust". Holocaust Images and Picturing Ending: The Cultural Politics of Seeing. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN978-1-351-93052-9. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  20. ^ "Genocide: "Never again" has get "time and again"". Function of the United Nations High Commissioner for Man Rights. eighteen September 2018. Archived from the original on iv June 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  21. ^ McCallum, Luke (6 April 2019). "Publications". International Clan of Genocide Scholars. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020. The twentieth century has been called "The Historic period of Genocide." In the backwash of the Holocaust, the slogan "never again" was coined; yet since 1945 we have seen the mass slaughter of Bengalis, Cambodians, Rwandans, Bosnians, Kosovars, and Darfuris, to name merely a few.
  22. ^ Ibrahim, Azeem (iii December 2019). "Red china Must Respond for Cultural Genocide in Court". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on xx January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  23. ^ Dolkun, Isa (xiv September 2020). "Europe said 'never once more.' Why is it silent on Uighur genocide?". Politico. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  24. ^ Sartor, Nina (three December 2020). ""Never Once again" all once more". The Silhouette. Archived from the original on 7 Feb 2021. Retrieved three Feb 2021.
  25. ^ Kaye, Jonah (23 August 2020). "Uyghur Camps And The Meaning Of 'Never Once more'". The Detroit Jewish News. Archived from the original on seven March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  26. ^ Harkov, Lahav (one March 2022). "Russia strikes Babyn Yar Holocaust memorial site in Ukraine". The Jerusalem Mail service . Retrieved one March 2022.
  27. ^ Fishel, Justin (17 March 2016). "ISIS Has Committed Genocide, Obama Administration Declares". ABC News. Archived from the original on 10 January 2020. Retrieved vii May 2020.
  28. ^ Rieff, David (1 February 2011). "The Persistence of Genocide". Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  29. ^ Fernández Meijide, Graciela (24 March 2020). ""Nunca más", united nations compromiso vigente". Infobae (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved vi May 2020.
  30. ^ "Día de la Memoria en Argentina: el necesario recuerdo de la dictadura". French republic 24. 24 March 2019. Archived from the original on xviii December 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  31. ^ Schneider, Rebecca (2006). "Never, Again". In Hamera, Judith A. (ed.). The SAGE Handbook of Performance Studies. SAGE. p. 25. ISBN978-0-7619-2931-four. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved nineteen October 2020.
  32. ^ "Jews Protesting Detention Centers: Inside Never Once more Activeness". Jewish Journal. 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.

External links [edit]

warrensught1985.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again

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